1776+in+California

Mimi Coughlin, Sacramento State University coughlin@csus.edu Erika Gasser erika.gasser@uc.edu
 * __ 1776 in California: the De Anza Expedition and Colonial “America” __**

- 250 women and children made 1800 mile journey embarking from Mexico, traveled through the desert of Arizona and along the coast of southern California, and eventually arrived in what today is San Francisco (only lose one woman in childbirth along the way) - these settlers because known as “Californios” (Spanish speaking Californians) - [|www.nps.gov/juba/index.htm]
 * The Basics **

- competing/complementary stories - diversity of Native Americans - diversity of colonists - we need the Spanish story of colonization to understand British colonization, just as we need the west as well as the east
 * Colonial American History **

- requirement, 1513 - Conquistadors (Cortes, Pizarro) - Encomiendas - Bartolome de las Casas vs. Juan Gines de Supulveda in the Valladolid debates (1550)
 * Spanish Colonization **

[] [|http://www.chss.montclair.edu/~landwebj/105/1sepulve.htm] []

In the end, both parties declared they had won the debate, but neither received the outcome they desired. Las Casas did not see an end to Spanish wars of conquest in the New World, nor did Sepúlveda see the New Laws restricting the power of the encomienda system overturned.[|[2]] The debate did result however in the weakening of the encomienda system and led ultimately to the issuing in 1573 of the new statutes within the "Ordinances Concerning Discoveries", which explicitly forbade any unauthorized operations against independent Native Americans.[//[|citation needed]//] After the issuing of the Ordinances, priests became the vanguard of any Spanish expansion overseas. Only after the priests had formed a mission community, would soldiers follow to protect the missions, and when the territory was deemed to be secured, there came the civilian settlements. Both the 1573 Ordinances and the 1681 "Recompilation of the Laws of the Indies" gave strict regulations for the formation of new communities in the Americas and the treatment of the local population. Among them was the implementation in all colonized settlements of a crown-appointed official known as the "protector de indios", an ecclesiastical representative who acted as the protector of the Indians, and represented them in formal litigation. Outside Spanish America, the debate also had some impact, specially with the conquest of the Philippines in 1571. Spanish Dominicans asked King Phillip II to respect the human rights of the people of the Philippines and ban slavery, a request to which he conceded. In Europe the British, Dutch and French opportunistically used the writings of Las Casas to create and spread the [|Black Legend], in spite of being themselves protagonists of even crueler episodes of mistreatment of colonized natives. Their criticism of Spanish imperial policy however, centered not on its negative effects for the Indians, but on Spain’s enormous political and economic power at the time.[|[10]] The English will use these debates, particularly de las Casas arguments, to paint the Spanish as terrible and themselves as benevolent colonizers. Known as the “Black Legend”
 * Valladolid debate (Wikipedia) **

- January 11th Anza and others arrive in San Diego presidio to help defend it - March 11th Junipero Serra welcomes the Anza expedition to Monterey - March – April Anza and others explore San Francisco area - June 1st Anza and others return to Mexico
 * 1776 In the West **

- many Native Americans believe that the trail (commemorated in 1990 as the Juan Bautista National Historic Trail) is misnamed. De Anza followed trails used for centuries by Native people. De Anza also relied on native guides like “Salvador Palma” (born Olleyquotequibe) to navigate the geo-politics of the regions they passed through - politically --> now the US is building a fence blocking this trail that has been around for hundreds of years
 * Native Peoples and Lands **

Resources [|www.wnpa.org] [|www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTJF-8ners4] [|http://azstateparks.com?parks?TUPR/index.html] [|http://anza.uoregon.edu] [|www.heydaybooks.com] (good for books from a more western American perspective) www.teachinghistory.org